Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
Prof: Analia Biondani Página 1
Presente perfecto pag 1
Must – Can´t pag 8
Condicional 1 & 2 pag 9
Reported Speech pag 11
Passive voice pag 14
Present perfect and simple past
El pretérito perfecto (present perfect) siempre tiene como referencia el
presente.
I have lost my passport significa que ya no lo tengo ahora. El pretérito
indefinido (past simple) indica algo que ocurrio en el pasado. Si digo 'I lost my
passport', no digo si lo tengo ahora o no. Solo digo que lo perdi en algun
momento en el pasado.
• He left town but he has returned, (esta aqui ahora)
• The economy fell but it has recovered again, (ahora esta bien).
No usamos el preterito perfecto con acciones que no tienen relacion con el
presente (hechos historicos, por ejemplo):
• World War II ended in 1945.
• Charles Dickens wrote "Oliver Twist".
Usamos el preterito perfecto para dar informacion o anunciar algo que ha
ocurrido recientemente. Sin embargo, si continuamos hablando sobre ello
usamos el pasado.
• Tom: Sandra has broken her arm.
• Jim: Really? When did it happen?
• Tom: She fell down playing football.
• Jill: Somebody has broken the vase.
• Jane: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't break it
• Jill: I wonder who broke it, then.
Usamos el preterito perfecto para acciones recientes cuando no se menciona el
tiempo:
• I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
• 'Have you had lunch?' 'No, I haven't had it yet.'
Compara con :
• I wrote the letter last night but I didn't post it.
• Did you have lunch at the hotel?
Usamos el preterito perfecto con acciones recientes que tienen resultados en el
presente:
• Mr Brown has gone to New York, (esta todavi'a allf)
• James has had a car accident, (probablemente esta todavi'a en el hospital)
Sin embargo, si usamos el past simple indicamos que los efectos de la accion
ya pasaron:
• Mr Brown went to New York, (probablemente ya no esta alii) Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
Prof: Analia Biondani Página 2
• James had a car accident, (seguramente ya no esta en el hospital
1. En este ejercicio tienes que leer la situacion y luego escribir una frase.
Example: This morning I lost my wallet. Now I have it in my pocket,
(lose/find)
This morning I lost my wallet but I have found it.
1. They went on holiday but now they are back home again, (go/come back)
They________________________ but________________________
2. I put on a lot of weight but now I am too thin again, (put on/lose weight)
I _______________________but now I____________________
3. Tom cut the grass. Now it is long again, (cut/grow)
Tom _____________________but now it_____________________
4. Prices fell. Now they are high again, (fall/rise)
Prices______________________ but now they_______________________
5. We bought a house. Now we haven't got it. (buy/sell)
We___________________________ but now we______________________
2. Pon el verbo en el tiempo correcto.
Example: Somebody has broken the vase. Well, I didn't break it.
1. Your garden looks nice (cut) the grass?
2. Well, I it yesterday.
3. 'Really? it yourself?' 'Yes, I did'.
4. 'Do you remember Mike?' 'Well, I (write) a letter to him'
5. When it?
6. Well, I it last night.
3. Algunas de estas frases estan mal. Otras estan bien. Tu pon todas bien.
Example: Mozart has been a great musician. Mozart was a great
musician.
1. The second world war has ended in 1945.
2. Mum and Dad have got married in Bristol.
3. Who has broken that vase?
4. Who has written "Don Quixote?"
5. Ow! I bumped my head on the wall!
6. Are you going out? Had you breakfast?
7. Good afternoon. Have you read the paper this morning?
8. Good morning. Have you read the paper yet?
Present perfect • Past simple (cont.)
No se puede usar el preterito perfecto cuando se habla de un tiempo acabado
en el pasado (yesterday, last Monday, two months ago, in 1989, when I was a
boy).
Se debe usar el past tense.
• Your brother came very late last night.
• Did you see your friend yesterday?
• We used to go to the cinema every Sunday when I was a boy.
Usamos el pasado para preguntas cuando sucedio algo:
• What time did the accident happen? Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
Prof: Analia Biondani Página 3
• When were they here last?
Compara con el preterito perfecto:
• She has failed her driving test.(present perfect)
Aqui no estarnos pensando en una accion pasada; estamos pensando en el
resultado presente de la accion, es decir, que no tiene el permiso de conducir
en este momento.
• Last year she failed her driving test, (past simple)
Aqui estamos pensando en la accion en el pasado. No sabemos si despues
volvió a presentarse a otro examen y aprobo.
Comparemos
Past simple
I cooked dinner yesterday.
He was in America last year.
He lived in Bristol for a year,
(he doesn't live there any more)
Did you see her this morning?
(It is now afternoon)
We didn't play tennis when I was
at school.
Present perfect
I have cooked dinner today.
He has been in Italy recently.
We have lived in Bristol for years.
Have you seen her this morning?
(It is still morning).
I have never played tennis (in my
life).
El preterito (past simple) nos dice
solamente acerca del pasado.
El preterito perfecto siempre tiene
una conexion con el presente
1. En este ejercicio hay que poner el verbo en la forma correcta, bien en
preterito
(past simple tense) o bien en preterito perfecto (present perfect).
Example: Did you go to Spain on holiday last year?
/ have finished my homework. I'm off to bed.
1.I______________ (lose) my wallet. I can't find it anywhere.
2. The window panes look clean_______________ (you/clean) them
yesterday?
3. My car is not here any more. Someone_________________ (take) it.
4. James________________ (buy) a new bicycle last week.
5 _________________(stop) drinking for good?
6 ________________(see) the Expo when you were in Lisbon?
7. Why____________________ (you/finish) your job yet?
8. Why_____________________ (you/finish) your homework last night?
9. Is your Dad in? No, he _______________________(go) out.
10. When _____________________(he/go) out?
2. Ahora haz frases usando las palabras que te dan.
Example: (I/buy/new car/yesterday) / bought a new car yesterday.
(I/buy/new car/today) / have bought a new car today.
1. (how many/months/be/in London/last year/you?)
2. (I/not/smoke/a cigarette so far today)
3. (how many short stories/write/last year?)
4. (how many short stories/write/so far this year?)
5. (I/not/drink/any tea so far today) Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
Prof: Analia Biondani Página 4
3. Pon el verbo en la forma correcta, "past simple" o "present perfect".
Example:! saw the Queen when I went to Edinburgh
1. I don't know Mr Evans. I _________________-(never/meet) him.
2. That man died years ago. I_________________ (never/meet) him.
3. During our stay in Scotland the weather_______________ (be) awful.
4. My Mum and Dad________________ (be) married for 18 years.
5. We live here. We________________ (live) here all our lives.
6. My father______________________(work) in that firm for 20 years. Then he
set up his own business.
7. The weather in this country________________ (be) very nice recently.
8. I_________________ (wait) for an hour but he didn't come
Present perfect with EVER, JUST, SINCE, FOR
Ever
Ever se usa con el preterite perfecto para significar alguna vez.
• Have you ever been in a submarine?
• Have you ever been to New York?
• Have you ever eaten lobster?
Just
Just con el preterite perfecto tiene el significado de acabar de.
• I have just seen your wife.
• They have just told me.
• She has just finished washing the dishes.
• I've just taken my driving test.
Since
Since se usa para indicar el principio del periodo de tiempo en que empezo
algo.
• I've been doing that since 9 o'clock.
• We've been living here since 1989.
• She has been writing letters since lunchtime.
• I haven't seen her since April.
For
For se usa cuando se menciona el perfodo de tiempo en el que transcurre la
accion.
• The new girl has been working here for two months.
• I haven't seen him for two weeks.
• I haven't spoken to him for ages.
• She's been reading for hours
.
Fi'jate en la estructura How long is it since...?
• How long is it since you had a decent holiday?
• It's ten years since I had a holiday.
(I haven't had a holiday for ten years.)
• It's ages since I last saw them.
(I haven't seen them for ages.)
E X E R C I S E S Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
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1. En este ejercicio tienes que poner since o for.
Example:That's my old bicycle. I've had it forages.
1. Tom and Jill have been going out together ______________________six
months.
2. My daughter has been on holiday_________________ a week.
3 ____________________Easter, the weather has been awful.
4. Have you been typing______________ a long time?
5. This man has been a sergeant ______________15 years.
6. It's been raining _______________early this morning.
7. We've known each other ________________we left school.
2. En este ejercicio tienes que hacer preguntas con how long.
Example: It is snowing, (how long/it/snow) How long has it been snowing?
1. My two friends are married, (how long/they/be/married?)
2. I know your girlfriend, (how long/you/know/her?)
3. Peter is learning French, (how long/he/lean/French?)
3. En este ejercicio tienes que cambiar una frase por otra con el mismo
significado.
Example: It's ten years since I went on holiday. I haven't been on
holiday for ten years.
1. It's a long time since I last played cards.
I
2. It's ten years since it last snowed here.
It
3. It's ages since I last went to a restaurant.
I
4. It's months since we last met.
We
4. En este ejercicio tienes que hacer la pregunta con ever y la respuesta con
just.
Example: I have never been to London. Have you ever been to London?
Have you finished? Yes, I've just finished.
1. Have you spoken to him? Yes_____________________________
2. I've never eaten caviar _____________________________________?
3. Have you seen Pete? Yes,__________________________________
4. I've never been to New York ________________________________?
Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
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Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
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MUST (have) CANT (have)
Must es un verbo defectivo que se traduce por debe.
• This cyclist won the Tour, so he must be good.
• This boy is playing basketball, so he must be very tall.
Usamos must cuando queremos decir que algo es verdad.
• She's been working all day. She must be tired.
• He's running a marathon next month. He must be training hard.
• This man's pictures sell for a lot of money. He must be a good artist.
Decimos can't para decir que creemos que algo es imposible:
• You've just drank a pint of beer. You can't be thirsty already.
• You've just started writing the story. You can't have finished already.
Observa esta estructura:
• You/he etc. must be hungry/thirsty/tired etc.
• You/he can't be waiting/doing etc.
• You/he/must go/do/stay etc.
1. Complete estas frases usando must (have) o can't (have)
Example: 'Is she happy?' 'Yes, she must be very happy.
1. 'Is she waiting for somebody?' 'Yes, she
2. 'Was he driving slowly?' 'No, he
3. 'Have they published many books?' 'No, they
4. 'Did Jerry know about us?' 'Yes, he
5. 'Did she know many people?' 'Yes, she
6. 'Does she know many people?' 'Yes, she
7. 'Are they in a hurry?' 'Yes, they
8. 'Were they in a hurry?' 'Yes, they
9. 'Was he serious about her?' 'No, he
10. 'Were they in love?' 'Yes, they
2. Completa estas frases usando must o can't + un verbo apropiado.
Example: He's been running for two hours. He must be tired.
1. Mr. Brown is taking his umbrella. He __________________________out.
2. She seems to know a lot about films. She___________________________
seena lot of films.
3. I wonder why Rhon didn't come to school today.
He_____________________________
4. I wonder who is making all this noise outside.
It________________________be the children. It's only four o'clock.
5. They live in a big mansion. They _____________________a lot of money
Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
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first and second conditional
1. If you ________ (be) scared of spiders, ________ (not, go) to the garden.
2. Where ________ (you, choose) if you ________ (can) live anywhere in the world?
3. She ________ (be) furious if she ________ (find) out the truth!
4. You should have done your homework. You ________ (know) the answer if you
________ (read) the book.
5. You ________ (have to) take a taxi home if you ________ (want) to leave now.
6. The video ________ (pause) if you ________ (press) this button. Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
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7. Jack found a mobile phone on the bus and kept it. He ________ (return) it if he
________ (be) honest.
8. I cannot decide which way I should go. If you ________ (drive) from London to
Glasgow, which ________ (you, take)?
9. Do you want to go home? I ________ (give) you a lift if it ________ (rain).
10. If water ________ (be) frozen, it ________ (expand).
11. If you really ________ (want) to learn Italian, you ________ (need) to spend some time
in Italy.
12. If you ________ (leave) now, you ________ (be) home in two hours.
13. I often go on business trip to Germany. If I ________ (go) to Berlin, I ________ (travel)
by train.
14. If they ________ (get) married, they ________ (move) to France.
15. If anyone ________ (ask) for me, I ________ (be) in the café.
For each situation, make an unreal conditional sentence.
1. I don’t know enough about the machine, so I can’t mend if myself.
If I ............................................................................................................................................................................
2. He didn’t prepare for the interview, so he won’t get the job.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Not enough money is spent on cancer research, so a prevention has not been found.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Andrew wants to ask the singer for his autograph, but he isn’t brave enough.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
5. We live in a town. I can’t have a garden.
.................................................................................................................................................................................
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Reported Statements
La forma indirecta puede ser introducida por un verbo en presente: He says
that....
• My little brother says that he'll never get married.
Cuando el verbo esta en presente, preterite perfecto o future, podemos poner la
frase en forma indirecta sin ningun cambio de tiempo: Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
Prof: Analia Biondani Página 13
Direct: • I'm trying to get a taxi.
Indirect: • He says that he is trying to get a taxi.
Sin embargo, cambiamos el tiempo del verbo. (vease tab/a en unit 73 de
Grammarl) si hay una diferencia entre lo que se dijo y lo que era verdad.
• Jane: John is in America.
Pero si por casualidad ves a John esa tarde podrfas decir:
• Hello, John. Jane said that you were in America.
Con los verbos say y tell.
Si la frase tiene complemento indirecto usamos tell:
• Jim told me (that) he is not going to come.
Si no lo tiene, usamos el say.
• Jim said (that) he is not going to come.
Con las palabras stories, lies, the truth usamos el verbo tell, aunque no haya
complemento indirecto.
• That boy tells many lies.
• My grandmother liked telling stories.
Cuando el estilo directo es imperativo: Come here.
El estilo indirecto va seguido de la estructura verbo + objeto + infinitive (en
espahol subjuntivo me dijo que viniera). (vease unit 28) Para este tipo de
frases se suelen usar el verbo tell y ask.
Direct: 'Sit on that chair,' he said to him.
Indirect: He told him to sit on that chair.
Direct: 'Write it on the blackboard', said the teacher.
Indirect: The teacher told him to write it on the blackboard.
Direct: 'Don't tell anybody what happened', said the boy.
Indirect: The boy asked me not to tell anybody what happened.
1. Escribe lo que dirfas en estas situaciones.
Example: Your brother says, 'I'm not hungry'. Five minutes later he is
eating a sandwich. What would say? You said that you were
not hungry.
1. Your friend says, 'I'm not feeling well.' Five minutes later he wants to go to
a party. What would you say to him?
You said
2. Peter said, 'I've stopped smoking'. Five minutes later he's smoking a
cigarette. What would you say to him?
You said
3. Your son says, 'I'm tired'. Five minutes later he's playing with the dog.
What would you say to him?
You said
4. Your friend wants to buy something but she says, 'it's too expensive'. Five
minutes later she buys it. What would you say to her?
You said
2. Ahora completa las frases con said o told.
Example: My sister said that she didn't like the film.
1. My grandfather ___________us many times about his battles in World War II.
2. Mary___________ her boyfriend that she was leaving him.
3. Mr Brown_____________ that the hotel was new but he didn't like it.
4. James_______________ me that he liked his new job.
5. Kate_____________ that she had just heard the news.Ingles – Contenidos gramaticales 4to año
Prof: Analia Biondani Página 14
6. He ______________the jury that he hadn't taken the money.
7. He______________________ his father that he would study harder the
following year.
8. He ______________his girlfriend that he had missed her.
3. A continuacion tienes unas frases en imperativo. Tienes que ponerlas en
estilo indirecto.
Example: 'Listen to me,' she said to him. She told him to listen to her.
1. 'Write this letter for me,' she said to him. 'My arm is broken.'
She asked _________________because_______________
2. 'Sit on that chair and be quiet,' said the teacher to the boy.
The teacher____________________________________
3. 'Don't come late,' I said to Grace.
I told___________________________
1. Ponga las siguientes frases en voz pasiva.
Example: My father built this house. -This house was built by my father.
1. The children do this exercise.
2. This horse won the race.
3. This man wrote this book.
4. The centre forward scored a goal.
5. My brother repaired the TV set.
6. My wife washed the dishes.
7. They buy many things.
8. The government bought that company.
9. The cook prepared a good meal.
10. Jim writes the letter.
11. He said many things.
12. My mother opens the window.
13. My colleague does the job.
2. Ahora va a hacer todo lo contrario. Ponga estas frases en voz activa.
Example: The milk was drunk by the cat. - The cat drank the milk..
2. The money was stolen by the thieves.
3. Jean was taken out by Jeff.
4. A goal was scored by the centre forward.
5. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
6. Many writers were influenced by Cervantes.
7. The dishes were washed by my wife.
8. The work is done by the children.
9. Many things are broken by children playing at home.
10. That film is seen by all the children
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