BASIC GRAMMAR - Spanish

Ingles

Contenidos basicos

1-      Armado de oraciones (concordancia sujeto-verbo /articulos)

2-      Frases basicas

3-      Utilizacion de tiempos verbales (presente simple y continuo, pasado simple y continuo, futuro simple y going to)

4-      Condicional 1

5-      Vocabulario básico

1-      Armado de oraciones

En el Ingles las oraciones SIEMPRE tienen un sujeto, alguien o algo que realiza la acción.

Susan goes to school

Susan realiza la acción de ir

Los nombres de las personas pueden ser reemplazadas por pronombres

She goes to school

Los pronombres son

singular		plural
Yo	I	Nosotros	we
vos	You	ustedes	you
El	He She it	Ellos	They

Esta grupo recebe un tratamiento especial en muchos casos se los llama 3ra persona porque no es la persona que habla ni la que escucha, es una “tercera” persona. (ver punto 3)

Las oraciones Siempre tienen una persona que realiza la acción (sujeto) y la acción que realiza

SHE GOES

Para completar el sentido de la oración se le agrega un complemento

SHE GOES TO SCHOOL

Para negar, obviamente se incluye el NO, pero NUNCA solo dentro de la oración, siempre va r junto a un auxiliar o verbo (ver punto 3)

SHE DOESN’T GO TE SCHOOL

Si quiero preguntar, DEBO invertir el orden de las palabras, el signo de interrogación no se usa  al comienzo de la oración, por lo que DEBO cambiar el orden de las palabras o utilizar los auxiliares, según el caso (ver punto 3)

DOES SHE GO TO SCHOOL?

Articulos:  A/an – the

• Usamos a o an cuando es la primera vez que hablamos de un objeto:

He had an apple in his bag.

She had a very nice dog.

• Sin embargo, si los oyentes saben a que nos referimos usamos el articulo determinado:

I left the books on the table, and the apples in the fridge.

• Asumimos que los que nos escuchan saben a que libros y manzanas nos referimos:

• Otros ejemplos:

There was a boy holding hands with a girl in the park. The boy had short dark hair, and the girl had long fair hair.

 I saw a play last night. The play was about a man who loved a woman but the

woman didn't love the man.

There are a carpet and a lamp in this room. The carpet is new but the lamp is old.

2. Usamos the cuando esta clara la situation de la persona o cosa a que nos referimos:

The doctor came this morning to see Grandpa, (su medico de cabecera)

The light was on all night, (la luz de esta habitation)

The bank opens at nine, (este banco en particular)

I took the train at the station, (este tren en particular en la estacion de esta ciudad):

•Tambien con:

the navy

the army

- the police

the post office, etc.

3. Usamos a/an cuando nuestro interlocutor no sabe a que nos referimos:

I am looking for a book, (no nos dice que libro)

He bought a car. (no sabemos que coche)

Mary sat on a chair, (no sabemos cual)

We stayed at a nice hotel in Benidorm.

I had a meal in a restaurant.

4. Usamos el artfculo the con radio, cinema, theatre... tambien con sun, earth, moon,

universe, etc:

I often listen to the radio.

I never go to the theatre.

A spaceship is going to the moon.

The earth goes round the sun.

5. No solemos usar el artfculo the con las comidas:

What time is dinner?

What are you going to have for breakfast?

Are we going to have lunch?

•Tampoco usamos the con watch, television:

She never watches television.

We always watch the news on TV.

EXERCISES

1. Conteste estas preguntas segun el ejemplo.

Example: "Was it a good restaurant?" "Yes, it was the best restaurant in town."

1. "Is it expensive picture?" "Yes, it is most expensive in the gallery."

2. "Was it long trip?" "Yes, it is longest trip I have ever made.

3. "Was it large house?" "Yes, it was largest house in the village."

4. "Is she beautiful girl?" "Yes, she is most beautiful girl in town."

5. "Was it good hotel?" "Yes, it was best hotel in London."

2. En este ejercicio hay que poner a/an o the. Si no hacen falta, ponga un guion.

Examples: She always goes to the best restaurant in town.

He spends the afternoon watching — television.

We had a nice meal in a good restaurant.

1. He lives in small village in country.

2. I don't like going to theatre, I prefer going to cinema.

3. After dinner they went for walk.

4. I don't like watching television in mornings.

5. Malta is island in the Mediterranean. capital is Valetta.

6. She wrote her name at top of page, on right.

7. It is nice day. sun is shining in sky.

8. Where did you see film, on television or at cinema?

9. "Have you got radio?" "No, I don't like listening to radio."

10. The U.S.A. was first country to send a man to moon.

11.1 had big breakfast and I'm not hungry now.

12. What is longest river in world?

13. Why don't you invite your boyfriend to dinner?

14. He is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea.

15. When I was a boy I used to live near sea.

3. Estas son algunas de las cosas que hizo ayer. Escriba una frase para cada una de ellas.

Morning: 8.30 breakfast 9.00-9.30 radio 10.00-12.00 walk/sea

afternoon: 1.00 lunch 3.00-4.30 television

evening: 7.00 dinner 8.00-10.30 cinema

Example: I had breakfast at half past eight.

1. From 9.00 until 9.30 I listened .

2. From 10.00 till 12.00 I was walking by .

3. At 1.00 I .

4. From 3.00-to 4.30 .

5. At 7.00 .

6. From

2-      Frases basicas

 Rellene las frases con el saludo apropiado.

Example: How are you? Very well, thank you.

1. "This is Mr Jones." "How __________you do, Mr Jones?"

2. At breakfast: "Good ___________boys."

3. ,___________ John. How are you?

4. Hello, Peter. I_________ fine, and how are ___________?

5. It is 3 o'clock. Good_____________

6. Good ______________, Mr Johnson. It is 7pm.

7. I am going home, ____________________.

8. It is 11 p.m. "Are you going home, Mr Jones?" "Yes,_________________ "

There is - there are

• En ingles, el presente del verbo impersonal "haber", es decir, "hay", tiene dos formas: there is, cuando la frase es singular; there are cuando la frases es plural:

There is a man.

There is a woman.

There is a sandwich.

• There is se puede contraer a There's siempre que la frase continue:

There's a tall man in the sitting-room.

There's a little dog in the garden.

• Pero no se puede contraer cuando la frase termina ahi

Is there a dog? Yes, there is.

• Por regla general, usamos esta estructura cuando nos referimos a algo que no conocemos todavia:

• En forma interrogativa se cambia el orden.

Is there?

• La negacion se pone en tercer lugar.

There is not.

Ejemplos de frases en singular

"Is there any tea in the teapot?" "Yes, there is!"

"Is there anybody in the house?" "No, there is not" (isn't)

"Is there any water in the glass?" "Yes, there is!"

"Is there any time?" "No, there is not!" (isn't)

• Usamos there are cuando la frase es plural:

There are many houses in this street.

There are some children playing in the park.

• En la forma interrogativa se cambia el orden:

Are there many flowers in this park?

Are there any glasses in the kitchen?

• En cuanto a la forma negativa, la negacion se pone en tercer lugar:

There are not many people at the concert today.

There are not many things to do in this place.

Ejemplos de frases en plural

"Are there many trees in the park?"

"Yes, there are."

"Are there any lamps on the wall?" "Yes, there are."

"Are there many cats in the house?"

"No, there are not." (aren't)

"Are there any glasses on the table?"

"No, there are not." (aren't)

 1. En este ejercicio tiene que poner there is o there are.
Example: There is a man in the room. There are two women in the garden.
1. Robert, there __________much coffee in the coffee-pot? No, there_______very much. I'm going to make some.
2. There _________a lot of grass in this garden, but there_____________ much in Mr Brown's garden.
3. "Constable James, there________ much traffic today along Elm Avenue?" "Yes, there _____________many cars using this road today."
4. In my school there__________ many teachers. There ___________also many classrooms. However, there few students.
5. There_________ something I want to do today.
6. There_________ a group of girls talking in the playground.
7. There_________ many boys playing football.
8. "_________ there many girls in your class?" "There_________ only one girl."
9. __________there many people at the concert today?
10. "Do we have much time?" "No, there_________ any time left, I'm afraid."
2. En este ejercicio hay que poner there's siempre que se pueda.
Example: There's a lot of water in the jar
1. ______________a lot of whisky in the bottle.
2. ______________any tea in the tea-pot? Yes,
3. Let's go Peter, _____________a lot of noise in this place. I don't like it.
4. " ___________many chairs in the dining-room?" "Yes, ."
5. "___________ time to play another game?" "Yes, plenty of time."
6. " ______________any windows open?"" only one window, and it's closed."
7. " _______________any free time left?" "Yes, ."
3. Ahora va a poner las frases siguientes en plural.
Example: There is a man. There are two men.
1. There"s a tall woman.
2. There"s a big house.
3. Is there a telephone in this place?
4. There is not a good country road.
5. There is a hill over there.
6. Is there a good magazine?
7. There is not a good restaurant in this town.
8. Is there a window in this room?
9. There is a big tree in this street.

Possessives: possessive ('s) and (')
• Cuando un ser viviente (persona o animal) posee algo, se usa lo que se llama el genitive sajon o caso posesivo:
La manzana de Pedro (the apple of Peter) se convierte en: Peter's apple.
A) Primero se traduce el poseedor: Peter,
B) despues la preposicion de bajo el aspecto de's,
C) por ultimo la cosa posefda sin artfculo: apple.
The house of Mary. se convierte en - Mary's house.
- The legs of the dog. se convierte en - The dog's legs.
- The kitchen of my mother. se convierte en - My mother's kitchen.
This is Mary's house and that one is Jane's, (la de Jane)
The dog's legs are black, and the cat's are white, (las del gato)
I Recuerde
* Si el poseedor es plural y termina en s, se añade solamente el apostrofo:
The apples of the girls. se convierte en * The girls' apples.
The house of the boys. se convierte en The boys' house.
The legs of the cats. se convierte en • The cats' legs.
The hobby of those families. se convierte en - Those families' hobby.
• Sin embargo, en caso de nombres propios o apellidos que terminen es s hay dos opciones:
I live in St. James's Square; St James' Square.
The Jones's dog is very noisy; - The Jones' dog.
That is the Evans's house, on the corner; the Evans' house.
• Si son extranjeros o clasicos, solo se anade el apostrofo:
Cervantes' works are interesting.
This is Pythagoras' Theorem.
• Con nombres compuestos o largos el apostrofo se pone al final:
My brother-in-law's guitar.
The Prince of Wales's country house.
• Tambien se puede poner 's despues de iniciales:
The MP's secretary.
The VIP's bodyguard.
• Con expresiones de tiempo tambien es admisibl el uso del genitive sajon:
today's paper
a month's holiday
tomorrow's weather
twenty minutes' break o two hours'delay o in two months' time
• Es muy corriente usar el genitivo sajon con tiendas (la palabra shop se sobreentiende):
My wife is at the hairdresser's.
Is there a butcher's near here?
• Tambien hospitales, iglesias, catedrales y firmas comerciales se escriben con's:
Barclays' (bank)
St. John's (College)
St. Paul's (Cathedral)
• Cuando hablamos con algun conocido a veces omitimos la palabra house:
We are going to Peter's.
She's staying at the Brown's.

1. En este ejercicio hay que unir dos sustantivos. A veces hay que usar el apostrofo, con o sin s, otras veces la preposition of.
Examples: The window / the room / The window of the room
The mother / Peter / Peter's mother
1. The house / Tom
2. The eyes / the dog
3. The door/ the room
4. The name / this town
5. The name / my husband
6. The toys / the children
7. The newspaper / today
8. The daughter / Bernard
9. The country house / my uncle and aunt
10. The birthday / my father
2. Lea la frase y escriba otra usando el genitivo sajon.
Example: The room of the children is upstairs.
The children's room is upstairs.
1. The house of Mr and Mrs Carter is new.
2. The tail of our cat is black and white.
3. The husband of my friend is very tall
4.1 received the letter of Uncle George last night
5. The mother of my cousin is my aunt.
6. The head of that bird is black.
7. The friends of my sister are very pretty.
8.1 didn't see the wife of your brother last night.
3. Ahora vamos a usar el genitivo sajon con expresiones de tiempo, medida, distancia, peso; con tiendas, etc.
Example: The weather / yesterday / was very good
Yesterday's weather was very good.
1. The coference / last year / was terrible
2. The house is / two hours / walk / from here
3. How heavy is it? About two pounds / weight
4. This river is / 20 miles / long
5. They went to the Hospital of St. Peter.
6. We went to visit the Cathedral of St. Paul.
7. We went to the shop of Woolworth to do some shopping.

3-      Tiempos verbales

Presente Simple

El tiempo presente simple me sirve para hablar de acciones rutinarias, cosas que se realizan cotidianamente. Dentro del presente encontramos dos grupos:

A-     BE – CAN – HAVE (poseer)

B-     Todos los otros verbos
             The present of Be
        Affirmative
I am/I'm
You are/you're
He is/he's
She is/she's
It is/it's
We are/we're
You are/you're
They are/they're

          Negative
I am not/I'm not
You are not/you're not/you aren't
He is not/he's not/he isn't
She is not/she's not/she isn't
It is not/it's not/it isn't
We are not/we're not/we aren't
You are not/you're not/you aren't
They are not/they're not/they aren't
 
         Interrogative
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

1. En este ejercicio hay que poner el verbo be en la forma correcta.

Example: The house is very nice, It is a nice house.

The boys are tall. They are tall boys

1. This dog ____white. It _________a white dog.

2. The houses _________green. They __________green houses.

3. __________these books interesting? Yes, they__________ interesting books.

4. Mr Brown_________ tall. He_________ a very tall man.

5. The tables___________ not small. They___________ very big tables.

6. ___________the gardens nice? Yes, they______________ very nice gardens.

7. The door __________big. It___________ a very big door.

8. _________the house very big? No, it ___________not very big.

9. What __________those people doing?

10. The dog __________eating the meat.

11. The dog and the cat___________ in the garden.

12. " ___________David and Jane in the sitting-room?" "No, they__________ in the kitchen."

13. "Boys, where_________ you?" "We__________ in the garden."

3. Escriba estas frases con el verbo contraido.

Example: You are a man. You're a man.

1. They are here.____________________ here.

2. They are not here. __________here.

3. She is not a girl. __________a girl.

4. You are not at home._____________at home.

Present of Can

• Can es un verbo defective.

1. El infinitive del verbo poder es to be able:

They long to be able to live in freedom.

2. Can solamente se usa para el presente de indicative:

She can do it alone.

I can go tonight.

3. No anade una s en la tercera persona del singular:

He can come with you.

She can do it tomorrow.

4. No admite la partfcula to ni delante ni detras:

We can go tonight.

They can come at any time.

5. No admite la particula do ni para interrogar ni para negar:

Can you come?

Can they do it?

They cannot do it alone.

You cannot go there tonight.

6. La forma negativa se puede contraer:

I can't, you can't, he can't, we can't, they can't.

1. Tiene unas frases en forma afirmativa. Oebe ponerlas en interrogativa y negativa.

Example: You can speak four languages. Can you speak four languages?

You can't speak four languages.

1. That little girl can type very well.

2. I could go shopping with you this afternoon.

3. We can go on holiday to Salou.

4. We could go to that supermarket.

5. Mum, you can speak to the teacher.

 The present of Have
         Affirmative
I have/I've
You have/you've
He has/he's
She has/she's
It has/it's
We have/we've
You have/you've
They have/they've
 
         Negative
I have not/haven't/don't have
You have not/haven't/don't have
He has not/hasn't/doesn't have
She has not/hasn't/doesn't have
It has not/hasn't/doesn't have
We have not/haven't/ don't have
You have not/haven't/don't have
They have not/haven't/don't have
 
           Interrogative
Have l?/Do I have?
Have you?/Do you have?
Has he?/Does he have?
Has she?/Does she have?
Has it?/Does it have?
Have we?/Do we have?
Have you?/Do you have?
Have they?/Do they have?

• A veces se dice "I have got" o "I've got", etc. Es decir, se anade la palabra "got" sin que por ello se altere el significado.

• El verbo TO HAVE puede ir seguido de un complemento para referirse a un gran numero de actividades diferentes. El significado depende de la expresion: en algunos cases have se puede reemplazar por eat o drink, en otros por take, receive, spend, etc:

I have tea at five o'clock.

He has coffee for breakfast.

She has a shower every day.

The boys have a swim every day in summer.

Have a look at this book!

Jim, have a wash!

• Cuando el verbo have significa "tener" la interrogación y negation se pueden hacer de dos formas:

Do you have many brothers? / Have you got many brothers?

- Does he have a car? / Has he got a car?

• Se suele añadir got al verbo have en presente. Es completamente opcional, aunque muy comun. Sin embargo, no se anade en respuestas cortas o en las "coletillas":

"Have you got an ice-cream?" 'Yes, I have."

• Sin embargo, cuando el verbo have se puede reemplazar por otro verbo: eat, drink, take, etc. entonces la forma negativa e interrogativa solo se puede hacer de una manera:

"Do you have breakfast in the morning?"

"No, I don't usually have anything to eat in the morning."

"Does she have a holiday?" "No, she doesn't have a holiday."

• En estos cases no se puede usar haven't got.

• Notese tambien que en la forma afirmativa no se anade "got".

I have breakfast / lunch / dinner.

You have a bath / a shower / a nap.

1. En este ejercicio tiene que poner las frases en la otra forma de interrogacion o

negacion.

Example: Have you got a dog? Do you have a dog?

1. Does Mr Smith have a large house?

2. Has Jimmy got a cat?

3. We haven't got a new car

4. The dog hasn't got a little house in the garden.

5. Have you got a sister in New York?

6. She hasn't got a friend at school.

7. The children don't have time to play.

2. Ponga estas frases en forma negativa.

Example: They have dinner at 7. They don't have dinner at seven.

1. We have coffee after lunch.

2. They have a house in the country.

3. She often has a glass of wine.

4. We have trouble understanding him.

5. She has a bath in the evening.

6. We have a good time on Saturday nights.

7. She has a good husband. .

8. We have a meal in a restaurant.

9. They have a day off very often.

10. I have an intelligent dog. .

11. We have a quarrel every day.

12. Have a rest! .

13. He has a glass of wine with his dinner.

14. I have a shower every day.

15. My father has a cup of coffee after lunch every day.

16. We have many difficulties. .

17. Have a look at this book! .

18. They have dinner early. .

19. We have a walk every evening

The present simple
• La forma afirmativa del presente de indicative tiene la misma forma que el infinitive, excepto que normalmente la tercera persona ahade una s.

1Afirnativo
I work
you work
he/she/it works
we work
you work
they work
I play
you play
he/she/it plays
we play
you play
they play
I watch
you watch
he/she/it watches
we watch
you watch
they watch
Los verbos que terminan en ss, sh, ch, x, o
ahaden es en la tercera persona del singular:
I kiss, he kisses
I watch, he watches
I rush, he rushes
I box, he boxes
I go, he goes
I do, he does
I fish, he fishes
• Cuando un verbo termina en y detras de
una consonante, cambiamos la y en i, y
ahadimos es:
I copy, he copies
I try, he tries
• Sin embargo, los verbos que terminan en y
detras de una vocal siguen la regla general:
I play, he plays
I obey, he obeys
I say, he says
• El present simple se usa para expresar una
accion habitual. For regla general se suele usar
con adverbios o f rases adverbiales tales como:
always, never, often, occasionally, every day,
usually, on Sundays, in winter.
& I always go to Miami in summer.
She never tells me what to do.
We play football every day.
I often speak to her on the phone.
On Sunday afternoons we stay at home.
• Con algunos verbos siempre se usa la forma
habitual, pues no admiten la continua:
I love you.
She likes me.
I believe you.
She feels very well.
I hear noises at night.
He hates you.
I want a little more.
She adores him.
He admires her.
• Con verbos de actividad mental se suele usar
tambien la forma habitual:
know
mean
expect
assume
agree
feel
realize
suppose
recognize
remember
see
understand
think

Interrogative and negative sentences in the present
Affirmative
I play golf
You play golf
He/she/it plays golf
We play golf
You play golf
They play golf

Negative
I do not play golf
You do not play golf
He/she/it does not play golf
We do not play golf
You do not play golf
They do not play golf

Interrogative
Do I play golf?
Do you play golf?
Does he/she/it play golf?
Do we play golf?
Do you play golf?
Do they play golf?

I Recuerde que para interrogar y negar, es decir, para formar frases interrogativas y negativas en
presente de indicative con la mayoria de los verbos (exceptuando to be y los defectives can, could, may, might, must, ought to, should) se usan las particulas do y does, que tambien se llaman auxiliary verbs.
• Estas particulas no se traducen. Solo se usan para indicar que la frase esta, o bien en forma
interrogativa o bien en forma negativa.
• En forma negativa el do not se suele contraer en don't, y el does not en doesn't.
• Does, o doesn't, solo se utiliza para la tercera persona singular.
• Cuando se usa la particula does, el verbo se pone en infinitive, es decir, sin s.
• No se debe confundir el verbo to do (hacer) con la particula do.
Ejemplos:
Do you come here every day? No, I don't come every day.
Does he drink wine? No, he doesn't drink wine.
What do you do on Sundays? I don't do anything.
Does your brother work very hard? No, my brother doesn't work very much. Yes, he works quite a lot.
Do your children read many books? No, they don't read books. Yes, they read a lot of books.
Respuestas cortas
• Es muy corriente en ingles usar respuestas cortas usando las particulas do y does:
Do you go to the cinema very often? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Does Peter go swimming every day? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Do the children go to school by bus? Yes, they do. No, they don't.

1. Complete las frases con el verbo en la forma correcta.
Example: Children often go to school by bus.
1. Jonathan never__________ to work late, (go)
2. My father sometimes_________ television in the mornings, (watch)
3. It occasionally__________ in summer, but not very often.(rain)
4. We always_____________ English in the English class, (speak)
5. My parents_____________ out to dinner on Saturdays, (go)
6. Mrs Green usually _______________her children good night, (kiss)
7. This soldier never_____________ orders, (obey)
8. Mr Brown__________ to New York about two or three times a year, (go)
9. These people__________ to this place every week, (come)
2. Complete las frases usando uno de los verbos que damos a continuacion:
feel, look, smell, hate, love, like, want, agree, remember, see.
Example: I see Mr Evans every morning on his way to work.
1. She has good memory. She_________ everything.
2. I __________with you about that. You are right.
3. My daughter __________to study at Oxford next year.
4. She_________ getting up early on Monday mornings.
5. I _________very lonely when I am alone.
6. A mother__________ her children very much.
7. That young girl ________very beautiful.
8. This cake __________very good.
9. I _______going for a walk in the country in spring.
3. Elija entre la forma habitual y la forma continua.
Example: Peter and David are playing tennis at five.
Peter and David play tennis every Saturday.
1. My father ___________early every day. (get up)
2. We__________ lunch early today, (have)
3. We__________ Shakespeare at school, (read)
4. We ___________one of Shakespeare's plays at school every day. (read)
5. She never_______________ what to do. (know)
6. My grandparents_____________ in Manchester, (live)
7. I don't understand these people. __________you__________ them? (understand)
8. The water___________ I'll make the tea. (boil)
9. The moon__________ round the earth, and the earth round the sun.(go)